An Adaptive Scheduler Algorithm for Uplink Traffic in WiMAX Networks with Dynamic Polling Management

The Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology, based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, is a solution for broadband wireless access metropolitan networks, developed to support a wide variability of real-time and non-real time applications. Different from the traditional wireless networks, the IEEE 802.16 standard defines, in the medium access layer, mechanisms to support the Quality of Service (QoS) for the applications. Among these mechanisms, we highlight the scheduling and the Connection Admission Control (CAC). However, the IEEE 802.16 does not define the policies that must be used in the implementation of the scheduling and CAC mechanisms. The scheduling mechanism aims at guarantying the efficient utilization of the bandwidth resources, and thus, promotes the effective use of the wireless link. The CAC mechanism aims at restricting the number of existing connections simultaneously in order to avoid that the wireless link is saturated. This thesis shows a new and efficient scheduling algorithm to uplink traffic in the Base Station (BS). The proposed algorithm is developed to be totally dynamic, mainly in networks that use adaptive modulation functions. Using a cross-layer approach, a deadline based scheme was developed, aiming at minimizing the end-to-end delay for the real-time applications. Moreover, the proposed algorithm interacts with the polling mechanism of the BS, and controls the periodicity of unicast polling to real-time and non-real-time applications, in accordance with the QoS requirements of the applications. Moreover, to avoid the wireless link being saturated for an excessive number of connections, a CAC mechanism that interacts with the proposed scheduling algorithm was developed. The CAC mechanism was also developed using a cross-layer approach. Simulations results show the efficiency of the proposed scheduling algorithm and of the CAC mechanism, mainly in environments where an adaptive modulation was used.Doutor em CiênciasA tecnologia Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), baseada no padrão IEEE 802.16, é uma solução para redes de acesso sem fio de banda larga desenvolvida para dar suporte a uma grande variedade de aplicações de tempo real e não tempo real. Diferente das redes sem fio tradicionais, o padrão IEEE 802.16 define, na camada de controle de acesso ao meio, mecanismos para dar suporte à Qualidade de Serviço (Quality of Service - QoS) para as aplicações. Dentre tais mecanismos, destacam-se o escalonamento e o controle de admissão de conexões (Connection Admission Control - CAC). Entretanto, o padrão IEEE 802.16 não define as políticas que devem ser utilizadas na implementação de tais mecanismos. O mecanismo de escalonamento tem como objetivo garantir a utilização eficiente do recurso largura de banda e, desta forma, promover o uso eficaz do enlace sem fio. O mecanismo de CAC tem como objetivo restringir o número de conexões existentes simultaneamente na rede, a fim de evitar que o enlace sem fio seja saturado. Esta tese apresenta um novo e eficiente algoritmo de escalonamento para o tráfego uplink, a ser utilizado no escalonador uplink localizado na estação base (Base Station BS). O algoritmo proposto foi desenvolvido para ser totalmente dinâmico, principalmente em redes que utilizam as funções de modulação adaptativa. Utilizando uma abordagem cross-layer, um esquema baseado em deadlines foi desenvolvido. Seu objetivo é minimizar o atraso máximo fim a fim para as aplicações de tempo real. Além disso, o algoritmo proposto interage com o mecanismo de gerenciamento de polling da estação base, e controla a periodicidade do envio do polling unicast para as aplicações de tempo real e não tempo real, de acordo com os requisitos de QoS das aplicações. Ademais, para evitar que o enlace sem fio seja saturado por um número excessivo de conexões, desenvolveu-se um mecanismo de CAC que interage com o algoritmo de escalonamento proposto, o qual também utiliza a abordagem cross-layer. Resultados de simulação mostraram a eficiência do algoritmo de escalonamento proposto, bem como do mecanismo de CAC associado, principalmente em ambientes onde utilizou-se modulação adaptativa

Regional mutations in CHIKV-ECSA genomes and detection of other viruses in the serum of acute febrile patients by a metagenomic approach in Mato Grosso, Central-Western Brazil, 2018

This study was supported by the DECIT/SCTIE/MS, CNPq , FAPEMAT and SES-MT PPSUS 003/2017 grant ( FAPEMAT .0290384/2018)Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil / Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Faculdade de Medicina. Cáceres, MT, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Faculdade de Medicina. Curso de Graduação em Medicina. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil / Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Hospital Universitário Júlio Muller. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. Laboratório Central do Estado de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde. Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Mato Grosso (MT) State is part of central western Brazil and has a tropical permissive environment that favors arbovirus outbreaks. A metagenomic approach was used to identify viral genomes in seven pools of serum from patients (n=65) with acute febrile disease. Seven chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genomes were determined, showing four amino acid changes found only in CHIKV genomes obtained in MT since 2018: nsP2:T31I, nsP3: A388V, E3:T201I and E3:H57R, in addition to other mutations in E1, nsP2 and nsP4. Six parvovirus B19 (B19V) genotype I genomes (4771-5131 nt) showed four aa alterations (NS1:N473D, R579Q; VP1:I716T; and 11 kDa:V44A) compared to most similar B19V from the USA. Coinfection between CHIKV and B19V was evidenced in 22/65 (33.8%) patients by RT‒PCR and PCR, respectively. Other viruses found in these pools include human pegivirus C, torque teno virus 3, an unclassified TTV and torque teno mini virus. Metagenomics represents a useful approach to detect viruses in the serum of acute febrile patients suspected of arbovirus disease

Immune Response of Calves Vaccinated with <i>Brucella abortus</i> S19 or RB51 and Revaccinated with RB51

<div><p><i>Brucella abortus</i> S19 and RB51 strains have been successfully used to control bovine brucellosis worldwide; however, currently, most of our understanding of the protective immune response induced by vaccination comes from studies in mice. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the immune responses induced in cattle prime-immunized with <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> S19 or RB51 and revaccinated with RB51. Female calves, aged 4 to 8 months, were vaccinated with either vaccine S19 (0.6–1.2 x 10¹¹ CFU) or RB51 (1.3 x 10¹⁰ CFU) on day 0, and revaccinated with RB51 (1.3 x 10¹⁰ CFU) on day 365 of the experiment. Characterization of the immune response was performed using serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 28, 210, 365, 393 and 575 post-immunization. Results showed that S19 and RB51 vaccination induced an immune response characterized by proliferation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells; IFN-ɣ and IL-17A production by CD4⁺ T-cells; cytotoxic CD8⁺ T-cells; IL-6 secretion; CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ memory cells; antibodies of IgG1 class; and expression of the phenotypes of activation in T-cells. However, the immune response stimulated by S19 compared to RB51 showed higher persistency of IFN-ɣ and CD4⁺ memory cells, induction of CD21⁺ memory cells and higher secretion of IL-6. After RB51 revaccination, the immune response was chiefly characterized by increase in IFN-ɣ expression, proliferation of antigen-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells, cytotoxic CD8⁺ T-cells and decrease of IL-6 production in both groups. Nevertheless, a different polarization of the immune response, CD4⁺- or CD8⁺-dominant, was observed after the booster with RB51 for S19 and RB51 prime-vaccinated animals, respectively. Our results indicate that after prime vaccination both vaccine strains induce a strong and complex Th1 immune response, although after RB51 revaccination the differences between immune profiles induced by prime-vaccination become accentuated.</p></div

Cross-reactivity of commercially available anti-human monoclonal antibodies with canine cytokines: Establishment of a reliable panel to detect the functional profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes by intracytoplasmic staining

Submitted by Nuzia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-03-09T17:17:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cross-reactivity of commercially (...)cytokines.pdf: 5594254 bytes, checksum: 95fd73371deb18ac4aebe2713c6fe691 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-03-10T11:56:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cross-reactivity of commercially (...)cytokines.pdf: 5594254 bytes, checksum: 95fd73371deb18ac4aebe2713c6fe691 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T11:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cross-reactivity of commercially (...)cytokines.pdf: 5594254 bytes, checksum: 95fd73371deb18ac4aebe2713c6fe691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Escola de Veterinária. Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.BACKGROUND: The process for obtaining monoclonal antibodies against a specific antigen is very laborious, involves sophisticated technologies and it is not available in most research laboratories. Considering that most cytokines remain partially conserved among species during evolution, the search for antibody cross-reactivity is an important strategy for immunological studies in veterinary medicine. In this context, the amino acid sequence from human and canine cytokines have demonstrated 49-96 % homology, suggesting high probability of cross-reactivity amongst monoclonal antibodies. For this, 17 commercially available anti-human monoclonal antibodies [IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 (#1, #2), IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, IFN-γ (#1, #2), TNF-α (#1, #2) and TGF-β], were evaluated in vitro for intracellular cytokine detection in a stimulated canine blood culture by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood of healthy and two unhealthy dogs were analyzed. RESULTS: Eleven anti-human mAbs [IL-1α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 (#1, #2), IL-12, IL-17A, TNF-α (#1, #2) and TGF-β] cross-reacted against canine intracellular cytokines. The specificity of the assays was not affected after Fc-blocking. Three anti-human cytokine mAbs [IL-4, IL-8 (#2) and TGF-β] when evaluated by confocal microscopy also cross-reacted with intracellular canine cytokines. The identification of human mAbs that cross-reacted with canine cytokines may support their use as immunological biomarkers in veterinary medicine studies. CONCLUSION: The identification of these 11 anti-human cytokine mAbs that cross-reacted with canine cytokines will be useful immunological biomarkers for pathological conditions by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy in dogs

Granzyme B and perforin-expressing CD8⁺ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S19 and RB51 prime vaccinated, and RB51 revaccinated cattle upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with ɣ-irradiated <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> 2308.

<p>Tendency (median) (a) and box plot (median, first and third quartiles) (b) charts of the results. Whiskers show the lower and upper 1.5 interquartile range. Vaccinations were indicated by arrows. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between vaccination regimens (on same day) are indicated by uppercase letters (Mann-Whitney-test), and lowercase letters indicate statistical difference between days in same group (Skillings-Mack test followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test).</p

CFSE proliferation analysis of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S19 and RB51 prime vaccinated, and RB51 revaccinated cattle upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with ɣ-irradiated <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> 2308.

<p>Tendency (median) (a) and box plot (median, first and third quartiles) (b) charts of the results. Whiskers show the lower and upper 1.5 interquartile range. Vaccinations were indicated by arrows. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between vaccination regimens (on same day) are indicated by uppercase letters (Mann-Whitney-test), and lowercase letters indicate statistical differences between days in same group (Skillings Mack test followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test).</p

IFN-ɣ, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 accumulated in cell culture supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S19 and RB51 prime vaccinated, and RB51 revaccinated cattle upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with ɣ-irradiated <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> 2308.

<p>Tendency (median) (a) and box plot (median, first and third quartiles) (b) charts of the results. Whiskers show the lower and upper 1.5 interquartile range. Vaccinations were indicated by arrows. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between vaccination regimens (on same day) are indicated by uppercase letters (Mann-Whitney-test), and lowercase letters indicate statistical difference between days in same group (Skillings Mack test followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test).</p

IFN-ɣ and IL-17A production by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of S19 and RB51 prime vaccinated, and RB51 revaccinated cattle upon <i>in vitro</i> stimulation with ɣ-irradiated <i>B</i>. <i>abortus</i> 2308.

<p>Tendency (median) (a) and box plot (median, first and third quartiles) (b) charts of the results. Whiskers show the lower and upper 1.5 interquartile range. Vaccinations were indicated by arrows. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between vaccination regimens (on same day) are indicated by uppercase letters (Mann-Whitney-test), and lowercase letters indicate statistical difference between days in same group (Skillings Mack test followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test).</p

Experimental design.

<p>Forty crossbred females calves aged between 4 to 8 months were divided in two experimental groups: group S19—composed of 20 calves vaccinated with S19 vaccine strain (0.6–1.2 x 10¹¹ CFU) at day 0 of the experiment; and group RB51—composed of 20 calves vaccinated with RB51 vaccine strain (1.3 x 10¹⁰ CFU) at day 0 of the experiment. Both groups were revaccinated with RB51 (1.3 x 10¹⁰ CFU) at day 365 of the experiment. The number of animals tested in each immunological assessment (0,28, 210, 365, 393 and 575) are shown in the rectangles. The days when the vaccinations occurred are highlighted with arrows.</p